ABSTRACT
The shortage of donors restricts the development of organ transplantation. Xenotransplantation might act as an effective approach to resolve this problem. With the advancement of genome editing technologies as well as research and development of novel immunosuppressant, lots of breakthroughs have been achieved in the field of xenotransplantation. Nevertheless, a majority of researches are still in the preclinical stage. Recently, the success of the world's first genetically engineered pig-to-human heart transplantation has greatly inspired researchers. However, clinical xenotransplantation still faces an array of problems, including counteracting rejection, controlling inflammation, regulating coagulation disorder, improving physiological compatibility of xenografts, paying attention to the risk of interspecific infection, optimizing immunosuppressive regimen, screening donor genome editing types, selecting suitable recipients, modifying xenotransplantation guidelines, and awareness of public recognition, etc. In this article, these 10 problems were summarized, aiming to provide reference for promoting the clinical application of xenotransplantation.
ABSTRACT
AIM: To study the preparation and physiological compatibility of pulmonary administration with Saponius of Panax Notoginseng (PNS) liposomes. METHODS: PNS liposomes was prepared by thin film dispersion method. The prefered formulation was determined by factorial design. Ciliary movement in situtoad palate model and the changes of pulmonary edema index and pathology of lungs in rats were investigated to evaluate the physiological compatibility of PNS liposomes. RESULTS: PNS liposomes were proved to be large unilamellar vesicle (LUV) liposomes with spherical shape .The liposomes composed of PC and Ch has a high PNS capture efficiency of 78.5% ?2.15% . The mean vesicle size of liposomes were 1546.5nm ?321.4nm which were quite homogeneous in size distribution. The lasting time of ciliary movement after the rinsing of PNS liposomes was the 92.14% of the effect of PBS buffer. The pulmonary edema index and pathological changes of lung tissue in PNS liposomes group were significantly different from those in PNS solution group and close to those in PBS buffer group. CONCLUSION: PNS liposomes has good physiological compatibility with promising market development and application.